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What is Development?
Development is a term that often has different meanings for different people hence we have different perspectives of development. Goran Hyden (1994) points development as a product of human efforts having architects and auditors. The architects are people with a vision wedded more or less explicitly to a given ideology. The principle auditors of development are the academics whose task is to assess, within a given theoretical perspective, how successful the architects are in shaping the process of social change according to their own modules.
Development as economic development (economic growth) has been advocated by the economists and the western liberal scholars. They take their perspective from classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo who viewed increased per capita, increased Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment and market as indicators of development. In this case developed economy refers to production with large investment, large machinery and advanced technology. Therefore, a place where there is little or slow development the economy will have relatively small amount of capital and usually with primitive, old techniques which then results to low real incomes per head of population and low standard of living.
For some other scholars development is a process of class struggle, freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf, guild; master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed stand in constant opposition in a hidden fight or open fight leading to revolutionary reconstruction of society at large or in the common ruin of the contending class (The Communist Manifesto). Marx and many others believed that development can only take place in the context of this class struggle and that the exploitating class must be overthrown and a socialist economic system is established.
Yet for some development is viewed in the line of politics i.e. as democracy and freedom (liberal democracy). In recent time the World Bank, IMF and the Western countries being led by USA have been great propagator of this view.
Then, there are those who see development as social aspect, thus overall human process of progress focusing on human being/society. Actually, development is a multidimensional concept thus if we are to get a comprehensive understanding of it we cannot concentrate on only one aspect such as economic development while ignoring other dimensions. When studying development we are then to deal with it in a wider sense that includes economic, social, cultural, and political aspects.
In this module therefore, we will be looking for the meaning of the concept of development as revealed in several of the development theories that have been at the centre of controversies over the last few decades and from there attempt to define this concept of development.

Sustainable Development and Economic Growth
The call for sustainable development is more than simply a call for environmental protection. Sustainable development implies a new concept of economic growth, one that provides fairness and opportunity for the entire world’s people, not just the privileged few, without further destroying world’s finest natural resources and without compromising the world’s carrying capacity.
UNCED (1987) defines Sustainable Development as development that fulfils the needs of the present without limiting the potential for meeting the needs of the future generations. Sustainable development is a process in which economic, fiscal, trade, energy, agricultural and industrial policies are all designed to bring about development that is economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. This is to say that the current consumption cannot be financed by incurring debts that others must repay in future.
The minimum requirements for achieving sustainable development therefore are:

• Elimination of poverty
• A reduction in population growth
• More equitable distribution of resources
• Healthier, more educated and better trained people
• Decentralized, more participatory government
• More equitable, liberal trading systems within and among countries, including increased
• production for local consumption